Energía generada electro-imán. (energía libre?)

(J=W*s ;julios igual vatios por segundo)

1 eV = 1,620 10^-19 J

1 J = 6,1728 10^18 eV

1 julio o joule (J) es igual a 6.241509⋅10¹⁸ electron-volts (eV) *sacado de internet.

Sobre electro-imanes.

Sabiendo que los iones de protio (isótopo de hidrógeno) y otros iones en el magnetismo o dimensión magnética, generan la energía de la electricidad circulando por el campo magnético.(Teoria del Todo)

Se puede explicar el funcionamiento por ejemplo de los electro-imanes.

En los electro-imanes con núcleo (metal), este núcleo multiplica el campo magnético generado por la bobina al pasar los iones por el (el núcleo de metal): pues alinea el campo magnético de los átomos del metal, (a parte de generar calor por la desintegración de los iones) .

El efecto es como apilar imanes.

Sabiendo esto:

Un electro imán debería ser capaz de absorber iones y generar calor al chocar algunos iones con los átomos del metal del núcleo.

La bobina no debería calentarse en principio pues el campo magnético pasaría por el núcleo, debería generar energía; no de la" corriente" sino de los iones absorbidos no sería fusión exactamente. Todos los electro-imanes se calientan y es por esto habría que ver que les pasa si los expones a diferentes dosis de radiación si pueden proteger de esta como la tierra lo hace con su campo magnético del viento solar. 

Energía generada electro-imán.

Fundir metal por inducción.

(Pese a que no tiene núcleo de hierro que aumente el efecto magnético de la bobina un horno de fundición de metales me parece interesante pues tiene una bobina que genera un campo magnético.)

De la misma manera que funcionan las cocinas eléctricas; por inducción también hay maquinas que funden metal, y revisando maquinaria industrial realicé unos cálculos.

"Como se mencionó anteriormente, el consumo de energía estándar para la fundición de chatarra ligera de aluminio requiere 600 a 625 kWh/tonelada (considere un promedio de 612,5 kWh). Eso significa que una tonelada de chatarra ligera de aluminio requiere de 600 a 625 kWh". 

 

Cálculo:

1 W (vatio) = 1 J (julio) * s (segundo)

1 kW⋅h = 3,6 MJ

625 kWh → 2.250 MJ (mega julios) para fundir 1000 Kg

2.250.000 J → 1 Kg

Vamos a calcular que energía tiene el aluminio fundido de 660 ºC respecto al aluminio solido de 0ºC y usaremos ese valor para orientarnos.

“Energía para fundir un kilo 900 julio/kilogramo”

“Calor específico: El calor específico de una sustancia se define como la cantidad de julios (o calorías) necesaria para cambiar la temperatura de exactamente 1 g de una sustancia por exactamente 1 C. “

“La capacidad calorífica es la cantidad de calor absorbida (emitido) todo el cuerpo en proceso de calentamiento (enfriamiento) por 1 Kelvin. “

“En termodinámica, la entalpía de fusión de una sustancia, también conocida como calor (latente) de fusión, es el cambio en su entalpía resultante de proporcionar energía, típicamente calor, a una cantidad específica de la sustancia para cambiar su estado de un sólido a un líquido, a presión constante. Por ejemplo, al derretir 1 kg de hielo (a 0 °C bajo un amplio rango de presiones), se absorben 333,55 kJ de energía sin cambio de temperatura. El calor de solidificación (cuando una sustancia cambia de líquido a sólido) es igual y opuesto.”

datos (1):

Masa atómica aluminio: 26,9815386 u gramos por mol (sale de la tabla periódica)

Calor especifico del aluminio: 0.9 J/g K.

Punto de fusión Aluminio: 933,47 K (660 °C)

Entalpía de fusión aluminio: 10,71 kJ/mol

datos(2):

Sustancia	T fusión ºC	Lf ·103 (J/kg)	T ebullición ºC	Lv ·103 (J/kg)
Hielo (agua)	0	334	100	2260
Alcohol etílico	-114	105	78.3	846
Acetona	-94.3	96	56.2	524
Benceno	5.5	127	80.2	396
Aluminio	658.7	322-394	2300	9220
Estaño	231.9	59	2270	3020
Hierro	1530	293	3050	6300
Cobre	1083	214	2360	5410
Mercurio	-38.9	11.73	356.7	285
Plomo	327.3	22.5	1750	880
Potasio	64	60.8	760	2080
Sodio	98	113	883	4220

Fuente: Koshkin N. I., Shirkévich M. G.. Manual de Física elemental, Edt. Mir (1975) págs. 74-75.

 

 

Total:

Total:


Earlier we calculated 396.93 kJ to go from solid to liquid.

594 kJ+ 396.93 kJ

990.93 kJ

Using data(2)

0.9 J/g K * 658.7 K =0.9 kJ/kg K * 658.7 K= 594 kJ to raise the temperature by 658.7 K to one kilo.

Total:

592.83 kJ

592.83 kJ +322 kJ

914.83 kJ

Energy of a kilo of aluminum already melted at 660°C compared to solid aluminum at 0°C

914.83 kJ is needed for a kilo of aluminum to melt from 0ºC to 660ºC at least. For that is the energy it possesses at that temperature.

The machinery has needed

2250 kJ

So it does not generate energy in the form of heat (it was a scrap melting machine).

Or so it seems.

It happens that aluminum is not ferromagnetic and does not multiply the effect of the electromagnet, and does not affect because the protons or ions have been attracted by electricity even so the heat has been generated by the disintegration of these as we have seen before.

Ferromagnetic materials would be:

Iron (Fe)

Cobalt (Co)

Nickel (Ni)

Steel alloys

etc.

With ferromagnetic materials, electro-magnets can be created by the effect I described above.

"An object is considered ferromagnetic if a magnet sticks to it."


"Is aluminum ferromagnetic?

Aluminum is one of the paramagnetic metals, which means that magnets only weakly attract it. So weakly that you might think that they have no influence on aluminum. However, the video presented to you here demonstrates that magnets do have an effect on aluminum."

 

The information I have:


Energy consumption to melt 1 ton metals in one hour:


For melting cast iron it takes 550-575 kWh/ton.

For SG Iron melting it requires 550-600 kWh/ton.

For Stainless Steel/Steel melting 600-650 kWh/ton is required

For Aluminum light scrap melting 600-625 kWh/ton is required.

500-575 kWh/ton is required for melting Aluminum chopped scrap.

For steel melting 625 kWh/ton is required.

 

 Weight per cubic meter metals:


Steel 7850 kg/m³ ?

Aluminum 2700 kg/m³ 26.9815

Bronze with tin 8900 kg/m³ ?

Bronze with lead 8700 kg/m³ ?

Copper 8960 kg/m³ 63.5460

Iron 7300 kg/m³ 55.8450

Brass 8560 kg/m³ ?

Aluminio	2700 kg/m³	26.9815 g/mol	600-625 kWh/ton
Cobre	8960 kg/m³	63.5460	?
Hierro	7300 kg/m³	55.8450	550-575 kWh/ton
Acero	7850 kg/m³	?	625 kWh/ton
Aluminio (chatarra troceada)	?	?	500-575 kWh/ton

Aluminum with 2700 kg/m³ is the lightest but requires 600-625 kWh/tonne.

Iron with a density of 7300 kg/m³ per cubic meter is 2.7 times denser than aluminum.

For the same weight:

For the melting of light Aluminum scrap 600-625 kWh/ton is required.

500-575 kWh/ton for the melting of aluminum scrap

Cast iron melting requires 550-575 kWh/tonne

Aluminum 0.0269815 Kg/mol

Iron 0.0558450 Kg/mol

0.0000269815 Ton/mol 37,062.4316 mole of Aluminum per ton of Aluminum.

0.0000558450 Ton/mol 17,906.7060 mole of Iron per ton of Iron.

There are 2.0697 times as many moles of aluminum as of iron in a ton.

And the mole of iron is 2.0697 times heavier than the mole of aluminum.

The energy of melting cast iron for the machine 575 kWh

and I calculate the joules:

575 kWh

575 000 W * 3600 s

2,070,000,000,000 J/s (W)

2.250 kJ → 1 Kg Aluminium.

83.390,4711 kJ * 37,0624 mol → 0,4444 J/mol

2,070 kJ → 1 Kg Iron.

37.066,88142 kJ * 17,9067 mol → 0,4830 J/mol

Despite the difference in density and weight per cubic meter the performance of the machines is similar in terms of heat in joules to melt one mole.

I continue with the checks:

Stationary Acutrak®

Power Density

150 Kilowatts per Ton

Power Requirements

167 KVA, 460/480 Hz, 50/60 Hz

https://www.inductotherm.com/products/acutrak-direct-electric-heat-deh-system/

for 167 KVA

approx 0.9 power factor

150300 W (150 kW per Ton)

for one ton 1 T or 1000Kg

(150 kWh/T)=

in one hour 60 minutes * 60 seconds

150300*(360)

54.108.000 J

I will calculate the results in electron volts as well:

"The electron volt is a unit of energy that represents the energy variation experienced by an electron when moving from a point of potential Va to a point of potential Vb when the difference Vba = Vb-Va = 1 V, that is, when the potential difference of the electric field is 1 volt."

3.3771558755e+26 eV

914,830,000 J minimum to melt 1000 kg of aluminum from 0 to full melting.

5.7099 10^27 eV

i.e:

But with initial data (not catalog data):

625 Kilowatt hours would consume to melt 1000 kilos of aluminum

2.250.000.000.000 J to melt 1000 kg

1.4043 10^28 eV

Something strange is going on here...

I look at industrial machinery below.

https://www.induction-furnace.com/products/aluminum-melting-furnace/

Aluminum Melting Furnace

 

Miro maquinaria industrial a continuación.

https://www.induction-furnace.com/products/aluminum-melting-furnace/

Aluminum Melting Furnace

Model	Power Control Cabinet						Furnace Body			Associated Transformer（KVA）
	Power	Voltage	MF Voltage	Cabinet Size(mm)	Frequency	Weight	Furnace body Size(mm)	Induction Coil Inner Diameter	Weight
0.1T	80kw	3×380v	750v	1000×800×1700	2500	0.5T	Φ730 Aluminum shell	Φ500	0.7T	125
0.25T	180kw	3×380v	750v	1300×850×2000	2000	0.8T	Φ1100 Aluminum shell	Φ580	1T	250
0.35T	200kw	3×380v	750v	1300×850×2000	1500	0.8T	Φ1100 Aluminum shell	Φ700	1.2T	400
0.5T	400kw	3×380v	1500v	1300×850×2000	1500	1T	Φ1250 Aluminum shell	Φ760	1.5T	500
0.75T	600kw	3×380v	1500v	1300×850×2000	1000	1T	Φ1350 Aluminum shell	Φ840	1.6T	630
1T	700kw	3×660v	2400v	1300×850×2000	800	1.2T	Φ1400 Aluminum shell	Φ960	1.8T	900
1.5T	8000kw	3×660v	2500v	1300×850×2000	600	1.2T	Φ1700 Aluminum shell	Φ1150	2.5T	1250
2T	1000kw	3×660v	2500v	1300×850×2000	600	1.6T	Φ1700 Aluminum shell	Φ1350	3T	1600
3T	1500KW	3×950v	3200v	2400×1000×2000	500	1.6T	Steel shell	Φ1450	12T	2500
5T	2000KW	6×950v	3400V	2400×1000×2000	500	2.5T	Steel shell	Φ1800	19T	3300

Product Introduction

The heating furnace is mainly used for heating of metal materials before forging, extrusion, hot rolling, shearing, and heat treatment of metal materials, such as quenching, tempering, tempering and the like. Heating temperature is between 200-1200 degrees.

• Pre-forging heating: applied to gear, ring gear, bearing, shackle, rigging.

• Online heating: Pipe anti-corrosion coating, long steel rod heating, steel (wire) tube online quenching and tempering.

• Local heating: U-bolt bending, thermal assembly of the drum，Steel pipe elbow etc.

Product Features

The induction coil is insulated by two insulation treatment, high temperature insulating paint and fiberglass ribbon winding.

The top of the furnace body is designed with sliding cover, which is convenient for maintenance and inspection.

• Equipment installation and operation is simple.

• Equipment covers a small area

• Stable and reliable heating temperature

• Power consumption280kwh/ton

Technical Parameter

Technical Parameter

Model	Power Input(3-Phase 4-Wire 50/60Hz)			Power Output				Capacity(Kg/h)
	Power	Voltage	Current	DC Current	DC Voltage	MF Voltage	MF Frequency	Steel	Copper	Aluminum
KGPS-50	50KW	380V	80A	100A	500V	750V	1-8KHZ	125	282	234
KGPS-50	50KW	380V	80A	100A	500V	750V	1-8KHZ	125	282	234
KGPS-750	750KW	380V 660V	1200A 680A	1500A 850A	500V 880V	750V 1300V	0.2-6KHZ	1875	4230	3510
Working Temperature: Steel 1250℃, Copper 900℃，Aluminum 500℃
Power Consumption:  Steel 350-550KWH/T, Copper 150-300KWH/T, Aluminum 180-400KWH/T

I will calculate the maximum consumption: 400kWh per ton.

400kWh per 1000 Kg

400000Wh per 1000 Kg

1,440,000,000 W(J) in one hour.

1,440,000,000 joules(W) per kilo.

Electron-volt

8.9877 10^24 eV per kilo.

Para el modelo KGPS-50

potencia de entrada: 50KW 380V 80A

potencia de salida: 100A 500V (DC)

Capacidad: 234Kg/h

We calculate:

50000 W

18,000,000 J in one hour (234 Kg)

76,923,0769 J one kilo

76.923.076,923 J 1000 Kg (1 T)

76.923.076,923 J/(1 T) / 18.000.000 J in one hour (234 Kg)

4.2735 hours to melt 1000 Kg (1 T)

4.8011610333 10^26 ( one joule or joule (J) is equal to 6.241509⋅1018 electron-volts (eV))

50000 W * 4.2735 h

213.675 kWh/T


that system would need 213,675 kWh/h to melt 1000 kg (1T) in one hour then

is within the range: Aluminum "180-400KWH/T" and what they suggest "Power consumption 280 kwh/ton".


compare with previous system: (Acutrak® Melting Systems aluminum melting machine from www.inductotherm.com (150 Kilowatts per Ton per Hour)).

167 kVA now at 380


=253.73 A

=96.417,4 W


34,710,264 J an hour (almost double)


and if they had the same efficiency it would have melted:



34,710,264 / 76,923.0769 J one kilo.

451.2334 kg in one hour

2.21614 h to melt 1000 Kg(1 T) or

76.923.082,3782 J to melt 1000 Kg (1 T)


54.108.000 J to melt 1000 Kg (this is the data that gives 150 kW/T) so the first one was more efficient but they are very similar in performance.


I recalculate the minimum energy to melt aluminum with another method and get out of doubt.

 

Formula used:

"Thermal energy = Specific gravity of material*Volume of molten metal*(Specific heat capacity*(Base metal melting temperature-Ambient temperature)+Latent heat of fusion).


Q = (SG*V*(c*(Tm-ta)+ΔHf)*4.2)/(1-R)


This formula uses 8 Variables.

Variables utilizadas:

Thermal energy - (Measured in Joule) - Thermal energy is the total amount of heat required.


Material specific gravity - Material specific gravity is a dimensionless unit defined as the ratio of the density of the material to the density of water at a specific temperature.


Molten Metal Volume - (Measured in Cubic Meter) - Molten metal volume is defined as the volume of material removed during the LBM process.


Specific heat capacity - (Measured in joule/kilogram/K) - Specific heat capacity is the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount.


Base metal melting temperature - (Measured in Kelvin) - The melting temperature of the base metal is the temperature at which its phase changes from liquid to solid.
Ambient temperature - (Measured in Kelvin) - The ambient temperature is the temperature of the surroundings.


Latent heat of fusion - (Measured in joule/meter³) - The latent heat of fusion or enthalpy of solidification is the heat released during solidification. Enter the magnitude only. It is taken negative by default."

 

2.7 Specific gravity of the material [SG] times density water with respect to water

1 Volume of molten metal [V] cubic meter

8.96 Specific heat capacity [c] kilojoule per kilogram

933.47 K Melting temperature of the base metal [Tm] kelvin

0°C + 273.15

= 273.15 K Ambient temperature [ta] kelvin

3.97*10^5 (J per kilo) *2700 (kg per meter³ ) = 1,071,900,000 J Latent heat of fusion [ΔHf] joule meter3

0.9 Reflectivity of the material [R]"

 

I have adjusted the formula for the data I have:

Q = (SG*V*c*(Tm-ta))+ΔHf



(2,700 kg × 1 m³ × 8.96 kJ/kg × (933.47 ºK - 273.15 ºK)) + 1,071,900 kJ


(2,700 kg × 5,916.4672 kJ) + 1,071,900 kJ

1.597.446,44 kJ + 1.071.900 kJ

2.669.346,44 kJ for 2700 kg

988,6468 kJ for 1 kg

988,646.829 kJ for 1000 kg

6.1706 10^27 eV for 1000 kg
I compare results for melting 1000 kg of aluminum by induction.

Calculated values for reference use:

914.830 kJ energy as minimum to melt 1000 kg of aluminum.(from periodic table data and constants).

5.7099 10^27 eV minimum energy to melt 1000 kg of aluminum (from periodic table data and constants).

988.646,829 kJ for 1000 kg of aluminum (minimum according to aluminum values and physics formulas).

6.1706 10^27 eV for 1000 kg of aluminum (minimum according to aluminum values and physics formulas).

Values calculated from manufacturer's data and available on the internet:

2,250,000 kJ per 1000 kg uses the machinery that I looked at the beginning of the article; as they say 625 kW 1h 1000 kg (as expected by generic data).

1.4043 10^28 eV per 1000 kg uses the machinery I looked at at the beginning of the article; according to 625 kW 1h 1000 kg (according to expectations by data).

1,440,000 kJ per 1000 kg (based on the industrial furnaces for aluminum smelting www.induction-furnace.com that I mentioned before (maximum energy consumption)).

8.9877 10^27 eV per 1000 kg (based on the industrial furnaces for aluminum smelting www.induction-furnace.com mentioned above (maximum energy consumption)).

76,923.0769 kJ per 1000 kg (based on the industrial furnaces for aluminum smelting www.induction-furnace.com mentioned above (for the KGPS-50 model)).

4.8011 10^26 eV per 1000 kg (based on the industrial furnaces for aluminum smelting www.induction-furnace.com that I have mentioned above (for the KGPS-50 model)).

54,108,000 kJ 1000 kg (Acutrak® Melting Systems aluminum melting machine from www.inductotherm.com (150 Kilowatts per Ton per Hour)).

3.3771 10^26 eV 1000 kg (Acutrak® Melting Systems aluminum melting machine from www.inductotherm.com (150 Kilowatts per Ton per Hour)).
Conclusion

Commercial induction machines that melt aluminum do so with less energy than expected.